A Introdução do livro (p. 1-23), Offloading cognition onto cognitive technology (Itiel E. Dror & Stevan Harnad) é muitíssimo interessante. Os autores/editores examinam aparentemente todas as opções de abordagem do assunto: cognição, sua localização, natureza e amplitude; tecnologias sensóriomotoras e cognitivas ampliando a capacidade de desempenho de nossos cérebros; a criação de uma 'comunalidade cognitiva' (exemplo: a Web, ou mais comumente, a Internet), onde cognoscentes, bancos de dados digitais e programas de computador compartilham cognição e interagem globalmente, uma façanha impossível para a cognição meramente individual; a transformação radical de nossa epistemologia ("Assim como a tecnologia motora ampliou nossa capacidade física e modificou nossa vida física, a tecnologia cognitiva amplia nossa habilidade cognitiva e modifica nossa vida mental"), e assim por diante. A julgar pelas credenciais dos autores de cada artigo do livro, estamos bem servidos. Não pude ler quase nada ainda porque descobri esse livro anteontem, mas aí está ele.
Cognition Distributed: How cognitive technology extends our minds
Itiel E. Dror and Stevan Harnad (edit.)
Cognition Distributed: How cognitive technology extends our minds
Itiel E. Dror and Stevan Harnad (edit.)
Publisher: J. Benjamins 2008 PDF 271 pages 3,1 mb
http://depositfiles.com/files/met8cyse6 ou
http://www.megaupload.com/?d=0B9D1WL7
Outros artigos interessantes/básicos sobre cognição distribuída:
Distributed Cognition - Edwin Hutchins, University of California, San Diego 2000
http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/Anthro179a/DistributedCognition.pdf
"What distinguishes distributed cognition from other approaches is the commitment to two related theoretical principles. The first concerns the boundaries of the unit of analysis for cognition. The second concerns the range of mechanisms that may be assumed to participate in cognitive processes. While mainstream cognitive science looks for cognitive events in the manipulation of symbols (Newell, et.al, 1989), or more recently, patterns of activation across arrays of processing units (Rumelhart, et.al, 1986; McClelland, et.al., 1986) inside individual actors, distributed cognition looks for a broader class of cognitive events and does not expect all such events to be encompassed by the skin or skull of an individual.
When one applies these principles to the observation of human activity 'in the wild', at least three interesting kinds of distribution of cognitive process become apparent: cognitive processes may be distributed across the members of a social group, cognitive processes may be distributed in the sense that the operation of the cognitive system involves coordination between internal and external (material or environmental) structure, and processes may be distributed through time in such a way that the products of earlier events can transform nature of later events. The effects of these kinds of distribution of process are extremely important to an understanding of human cognition".
Um pequeno artigo do próprio Hutchins na International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2001)
http://hci.ucsd.edu/102a/readings/isb313088.pdf
Distributed Cognition - Robert F. Williams, Lawrence University 2007
http://www.lawrence.edu/fast/williaro/DCog.pdf
"Distributed cognition is most closely associated with the work of the cognitive anthropologist Edwin Hutchins (1948-) at the University of California, San Diego, and with his students and colleagues. In his groundbreaking research, Hutchins studied the work of a navigation team on a navy ship. The team used specialized tools and coordinated activity to accomplish more than could be done by any individual thinker. This led Hutchins to broaden his definition of what constituted the cognitive system and to argue that cognition is distributed in three fundamental ways: across the individual and aspects of the material environment; across multiple individuals interacting and communicating in an organized way; and across time, in that products of earlier cognitive processes change the nature of later cognitive tasks".
A Brief Introduction to Distributed Cognition - Yvonne Rogers
Interact Lab, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex 1997
http://www.sdela.dds.nl/entityresearch/dcog-brief-intro.pdf
Distributed Cognition without Distributed Knowing
Ronald N. Giere, University of Minnesota, 2007
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~giere/DCwoDK.pdf
"In earlier works (2002, 2006), I have argued that it is useful to think of much scientific activity, particularly in experimental sciences, as involving the operation of distributed cognitive systems, since these are understood in the contemporary cognitive sciences. Introducing a notion of distributed cognition, however, invites consideration of whether, or in what way, related cognitive activities, such as knowing, might also be distributed. In this paper I will argue that one can usefully introduce a notion of distributed ognition without attributing other cognitive attributes, such as knowing, let alone having a mind or being conscious, to distributed cognitive systems. I will first briefly introduce the cognitive science understanding of distributed cognition, partly so as to distinguish full-blown distributed cognition from mere collective cognition".
Distributed Cognition: domains and dimensions
John Sutton, Macquarie University 2007
http://www.phil.mq.edu.au/research/preprints/sutton/Sutton_Pragmatics_Cognition.pdf
"Abstract.
Synthesizing the domains of investigation highlighted in current research in distributed cognition and related fields, this paper offers an initial taxonomy of the overlapping types of resources which typically contribute to distributed or extended cognitive systems. It then outlines a number of key dimensions on which to analyse both the resulting integrated systems and the components which coalesce into more or less tightly coupled interaction over the course of their formation and renegotiation".
Um livro com perspectiva mais ampla:
Beyond the Brain: Embodied, Situated and Distributed Cognition
Edited by Benoit Hardy-Vallée & Nicolas Payette
Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2008
"Introduction:
From 1990 to 1999, the U.S. Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health sponsored an interagency initiative that designated the 90’s as the Decade of the Brain. Paradoxically, the cognitive science of this decade was marked by a major methodological and conceptual change that one can summarize as “cognition beyond the brain”. Whereas the brain was traditionally conceived as being the only seat of intelligence, many trends of research emphasized the functional entrenchment of the brain in the body, environment and culture. In neuroscience (Churchland, Ramachandran, and Sejnowski 1994), psychology (Barsalou 1999; Thelen and Smith 1994) Artificial Intelligence (Ballard 1991), robotics (Pfeifer and Scheier 1999; Brooks 1999), Artificial Life (Langton 1995), linguistics (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) and philosophy (Clark 1997), researchers began to be dubious of the “standard picture”:
'Perception is commonly cast as a process by which we receive information from the world. Cognition then comprises intelligent processes defined over some inner rendition of such information. Intentional action is glossed as the carrying out of commands that constitute the output of a cogitative, central system'. (Clark, 1997, p. 51)
According to the new approaches, cognitive processes are not limited to the symbolic processing of internal information structures, but implemented in various sensorimotors processes (motricity, perception, emotions, coordination, imagery, emulation, simulation) and various substrates (members, bodies, artifacts, environmental regularities). The major theme of these new approaches is the embeddedness of cognition: in the body and in the world. If one can, conceptually, distinguish the brain from the body and from the environment, a dense and continuous flow of information binds the three together".
http://depositfiles.com/files/met8cyse6 ou
http://www.megaupload.com/?d=0B9D1WL7
Outros artigos interessantes/básicos sobre cognição distribuída:
Distributed Cognition - Edwin Hutchins, University of California, San Diego 2000
http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/Anthro179a/DistributedCognition.pdf
"What distinguishes distributed cognition from other approaches is the commitment to two related theoretical principles. The first concerns the boundaries of the unit of analysis for cognition. The second concerns the range of mechanisms that may be assumed to participate in cognitive processes. While mainstream cognitive science looks for cognitive events in the manipulation of symbols (Newell, et.al, 1989), or more recently, patterns of activation across arrays of processing units (Rumelhart, et.al, 1986; McClelland, et.al., 1986) inside individual actors, distributed cognition looks for a broader class of cognitive events and does not expect all such events to be encompassed by the skin or skull of an individual.
When one applies these principles to the observation of human activity 'in the wild', at least three interesting kinds of distribution of cognitive process become apparent: cognitive processes may be distributed across the members of a social group, cognitive processes may be distributed in the sense that the operation of the cognitive system involves coordination between internal and external (material or environmental) structure, and processes may be distributed through time in such a way that the products of earlier events can transform nature of later events. The effects of these kinds of distribution of process are extremely important to an understanding of human cognition".
Um pequeno artigo do próprio Hutchins na International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2001)
http://hci.ucsd.edu/102a/readings/isb313088.pdf
Distributed Cognition - Robert F. Williams, Lawrence University 2007
http://www.lawrence.edu/fast/williaro/DCog.pdf
"Distributed cognition is most closely associated with the work of the cognitive anthropologist Edwin Hutchins (1948-) at the University of California, San Diego, and with his students and colleagues. In his groundbreaking research, Hutchins studied the work of a navigation team on a navy ship. The team used specialized tools and coordinated activity to accomplish more than could be done by any individual thinker. This led Hutchins to broaden his definition of what constituted the cognitive system and to argue that cognition is distributed in three fundamental ways: across the individual and aspects of the material environment; across multiple individuals interacting and communicating in an organized way; and across time, in that products of earlier cognitive processes change the nature of later cognitive tasks".
A Brief Introduction to Distributed Cognition - Yvonne Rogers
Interact Lab, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex 1997
http://www.sdela.dds.nl/entityresearch/dcog-brief-intro.pdf
Distributed Cognition without Distributed Knowing
Ronald N. Giere, University of Minnesota, 2007
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~giere/DCwoDK.pdf
"In earlier works (2002, 2006), I have argued that it is useful to think of much scientific activity, particularly in experimental sciences, as involving the operation of distributed cognitive systems, since these are understood in the contemporary cognitive sciences. Introducing a notion of distributed cognition, however, invites consideration of whether, or in what way, related cognitive activities, such as knowing, might also be distributed. In this paper I will argue that one can usefully introduce a notion of distributed ognition without attributing other cognitive attributes, such as knowing, let alone having a mind or being conscious, to distributed cognitive systems. I will first briefly introduce the cognitive science understanding of distributed cognition, partly so as to distinguish full-blown distributed cognition from mere collective cognition".
Distributed Cognition: domains and dimensions
John Sutton, Macquarie University 2007
http://www.phil.mq.edu.au/research/preprints/sutton/Sutton_Pragmatics_Cognition.pdf
"Abstract.
Synthesizing the domains of investigation highlighted in current research in distributed cognition and related fields, this paper offers an initial taxonomy of the overlapping types of resources which typically contribute to distributed or extended cognitive systems. It then outlines a number of key dimensions on which to analyse both the resulting integrated systems and the components which coalesce into more or less tightly coupled interaction over the course of their formation and renegotiation".
Um livro com perspectiva mais ampla:
Beyond the Brain: Embodied, Situated and Distributed Cognition
Edited by Benoit Hardy-Vallée & Nicolas Payette
Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2008
"Introduction:
From 1990 to 1999, the U.S. Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health sponsored an interagency initiative that designated the 90’s as the Decade of the Brain. Paradoxically, the cognitive science of this decade was marked by a major methodological and conceptual change that one can summarize as “cognition beyond the brain”. Whereas the brain was traditionally conceived as being the only seat of intelligence, many trends of research emphasized the functional entrenchment of the brain in the body, environment and culture. In neuroscience (Churchland, Ramachandran, and Sejnowski 1994), psychology (Barsalou 1999; Thelen and Smith 1994) Artificial Intelligence (Ballard 1991), robotics (Pfeifer and Scheier 1999; Brooks 1999), Artificial Life (Langton 1995), linguistics (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) and philosophy (Clark 1997), researchers began to be dubious of the “standard picture”:
'Perception is commonly cast as a process by which we receive information from the world. Cognition then comprises intelligent processes defined over some inner rendition of such information. Intentional action is glossed as the carrying out of commands that constitute the output of a cogitative, central system'. (Clark, 1997, p. 51)
According to the new approaches, cognitive processes are not limited to the symbolic processing of internal information structures, but implemented in various sensorimotors processes (motricity, perception, emotions, coordination, imagery, emulation, simulation) and various substrates (members, bodies, artifacts, environmental regularities). The major theme of these new approaches is the embeddedness of cognition: in the body and in the world. If one can, conceptually, distinguish the brain from the body and from the environment, a dense and continuous flow of information binds the three together".
Para ler a introdução toda:
